Let's say you've studied Japanese for a while. In your textbook, you probably learned "I have to" is:
~なければなりません
This is a combination of なければ which means "if (one) doesn't..." and なりません which means "must not." The double negative means, "one must do."
なければなりません (polite) or the shorter
なければならない forms are both correct.
But how often have you heard なければなりません in the wild? Probably not from your friends, but perhaps you've heard it on news broadcasts or with speeches and more formal occasions.
It is a little stiff. Just like the panda below...
So, how do Japanese people really say "I have to" normally?
We'll get to that, but first, here's another form of the stiff なければなりません: なければいけません.
なければなりません versus
なければいけません
Both mean "have to; must; should; ought to" but there is a (very) subtle difference in the なりません and いけません.
- なりません sounds final and formal. It is objectively understood you should not do something. "You must not do something."
- いけません is more subjective and perhaps slightly less formal. "You should not to do something"
So, なりません may be slightly stronger, but in general, these two are totally interchangeable.
In this article, we'll use いけない or いけません for the examples, but ならない or なりません are also possible.
Construction:
The good news is, all the forms (except the last one--which is even easier) use the following construction.
- Get the ない form of a verb
- Drop the ない
- Add one of the forms below
Ready for the real Japanese you might hear in the wild? Let's get to it.
Less Stiff (Casual) Forms
なきゃ (+ いけない (or ならない)) [Used by males and females]
- 行かなきゃいけない I have to go.
or shorten further:
- 行かなきゃ I gotta go.
- 勉強しなきゃ I gotta study.
People often say ~なきゃ when talking to themselves.
あ、行かなきゃ!
However, if you want to add something after the verb, you need to bring back the いけない. This isn't always done in very casual conversation, but to be correct, bring back いけない. For example:
あした、学校に行かなきゃいけないと思う。
I think I have to go to school tomorrow.
なくちゃ + いけない (or ならない) [Used by males and females]
- 行かなくちゃいけない I have to go.
As with なきゃ, it is usually said without the いけない unless there is some word after the verb.
- 行かなくちゃ I gotta go.
- 勉強しなくちゃ I gotta study.
あした、学校に行かなくちゃいけないと思う。
I think I have to go to school tomorrow.
ないと + いけない (or ならない)
- 行かないといけない I have to go.
With this form, don't drop the ない! Just add と and いけない after it. Easy.
As with the above examples, you can also drop the いけない:
- 行かないと I gotta go.
This form, however, can be used in formal situations by adding いけません (the ます form):
もっと日本語を勉強しないといけません。
I must study Japanese more.
The formal ないといけません is probably more common and definitely easier to say than the textbook なければいけません. You keep the ない and just add と.
In conclusion
- For formal usage, just use ~ないといけません
- For casual usage, use なきゃ or なくちゃ
Haha this is always confusing people why would “have to” be negative! you know? it makes no sense, righttt!!!
Thank you so much for this. I’ve been having so much trouble saying the text book way. I end up always using べきです。Now I have the confidence I need to use have and must.
本当にありがとうございました?。
You are welcome! This is one aspect of Japanese that seems overly complicated. But once you learn a few examples, you should be able to say you have to rather than you ought to. 🙂